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pubmed: posttraumatic stress...
NCBI: db=pubmed; Term=posttraumatic stress disorder
Exposure to traumatic events among treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent women and men without PTSD.
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Exposure to traumatic events among treatment-seeking, alcohol-dependent women and men without PTSD.
J Trauma Stress. 2010 Aug 27;
Authors: Johnson CS, Heffner JL, Blom TJ, Anthenelli RM
The authors examined lifetime exposure to a range of traumatic events in 106 abstinent, treatment-engaged (85% residential; 15% outpatient), alcohol-dependent women (n = 53) and men without current or lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder. Alcohol-dependent women reported greater severity of childhood trauma, but similar lifetime exposure to traumatic events compared with men. Alcohol-dependent women without cocaine abuse or TB (n = 10) reported greater severity of childhood trauma than women with (n = 43), and men with (n = 21) or without (n = 32) cocaine abuse or dependence. Results extend previously observed gender differences in trauma histories among alcohol-dependent adults and point to potential gender- and substance-specific drug coaddiction effects that may have been influenced by trauma exposure.
PMID: 20803578 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Do adolescents know when they need help in the aftermath of war?
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Do adolescents know when they need help in the aftermath of war?
J Trauma Stress. 2010 Aug 27;
Authors: Schiff M, Pat-Horenczyk R, Benbenishty R, Brom D, Baum N, Astor RA
This study examined Israeli Arab and Jewish students' reports on needing help, a year after the Second Lebanon War and whether students' requests for support were associated with posttraumatic distress. The representative sample included 1,800 Jewish and 2,351 Arab students, grades 7-11. The questionnaires included items regarding (a) exposure to wartime events and other negative life events, (b) measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, and (c) needing help. The results showed that about 30% of the students reported needing help from any source (e.g., parents, peers) in the aftermath of the war. Arab students were more likely to report needing help than Jewish students. The students who reported needing help experienced higher levels of posttraumatic symptoms.
PMID: 20803577 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Department of Veterans Affairs compensation and medical care benefits accorded to veterans with major limb loss.
J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(4):403-8
Authors: Maynard C, Flohr B, Guagliardo TA, Martin CH, McFarland LV, Pruden JD, Reiber GE
Veterans injured in theaters of combat operations are eligible for benefits, including medical care and compensation. This article describes veterans with service-connected disability for major lower- and/or upper-limb loss resulting from combat-field-associated injuries sustained in the Vietnam war, Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). Using the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Compensation and Pension Mini-Master file, we identified 2,690 veterans who in August 2007 received compensation for loss of one or more limbs. More than 97% sustained their injuries in Vietnam; most were young men who served in the U.S. Army or Marine Corps. All but 5% had at least 50% combined service-connected disability and nearly half had a 100% rating. In addition to limb loss, one of the most prevalent compensable conditions was posttraumatic stress disorder, present in 46% of OIF/OEF and 20% of Vietnam veterans. Of these veterans, 82% visited VA outpatient clinics in 2007, although only 4% were hospitalized. A special obligation exists to those who have sustained serious injuries related to combat; this responsibility extends for the life of the servicemember and beyond to his or her spouse and dependents.
PMID: 20803407 [PubMed - in process]
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Servicemembers and veterans with major traumatic limb loss from Vietnam war and OIF/OEF conflicts: Survey methods, participants, and summary findings.
J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(4):275-98
Authors: Reiber GE, McFarland LV, Hubbard S, Maynard C, Blough DK, Gambel JM, Smith DG
Care of veterans and servicemembers with major traumatic limb loss from combat theaters is one of the highest priorities of the Department of Veteran Affairs. We achieved a 62% response rate in our Survey for Prosthetic Use from 298 Vietnam war veterans and 283 servicemembers/veterans from Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) who sustained major traumatic limb loss. Participants reported their combat injuries; health status; quality of life; and prosthetic device use, function, rejection, and satisfaction. Despite the serious injuries experienced, health status was rated excellent, very good, or good by 70.7% of Vietnam war and 85.5% of OIF/OEF survey participants. However, many health issues persist for Vietnam war and OIF/OEF survey participants (respectively): phantom limb pain (72.2%/76.0%), chronic back pain (36.2%/42.1%), residual-limb pain (48.3%/62.9%), prosthesis-related skin problems (51.0%/58.0%), hearing loss (47.0%/47.0%), traumatic brain injury (3.4%/33.9%), depression (24.5%/24.0%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (37.6%/58.7%). Prosthetic devices are currently used by 78.2% of Vietnam war and 90.5% of OIF/OEF survey participants to improve function and mobility. On average, the annual rate for prosthetic device receipt is 10.7-fold higher for OIF/OEF than for Vietnam war survey participants. Findings from this cross-conflict survey identify many strengths in prosthetic rehabilitation for those with limb loss and several areas for future attention.
PMID: 20803399 [PubMed - in process]
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Self-mutilative behaviours in male alcohol-dependent inpatients and relationship with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Psychiatry Res. 2010 Aug 26;
Authors: Evren C, Dalbudak E, Evren B, Cetin R, Durkaya M
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-mutilation (SM) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in male alcohol-dependent inpatients, and to examine whether there is something unique about self-mutilaters with the PTSD/alcohol-dependence co-morbidity, compared with self-mutilaters without PTSD in this population. Participants were 156 consecutively admitted male alcohol-dependent inpatients. Patients were investigated with the Self-mutilative Behaviour Questionnaire (SMBQ), the Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC), the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Among alcohol-dependent inpatients, 34.0% (n=53) were considered as group with SM. Rate of being unemployed, history of any trauma, history of suicide attempt and lifetime PTSD diagnosis were higher, whereas being married, current age, age at onset of regular alcohol use and duration of education were lower in the group with SM. Mean scores of SCL-90 subscales, TEC and MAST were higher in the SM group. Although SM might be related with PTSD among male alcohol-dependent inpatients, predictors of SM were age at onset of regular alcohol use, history of suicide attempt, anxiety, depression and hostility. Age at onset of regular alcohol use, history of suicide attempt, anxiety, depression and somatisation predicted SM in the subgroup of patients without PTSD, whereas hostility predicted SM alone in the subgroup of patients with PTSD. Results support the anti-suicide and the affect-regulation models of SM in the non-PTSD group, whereas they support the hostility model of SM in the subgroup with PTSD in alcohol-dependent inpatients. Thus, to reduce self-mutilative behaviour (SMB)among alcohol-dependent patients, clinicians must address different subjects in different subgroup patients; that is, focussing hostility in those with PTSD co-morbidity.
PMID: 20800903 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan.
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Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan.
J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Aug 10;
Authors: Engelhard IM, Olatunji BO, de Jong PJ
Although the DSM-IV recognizes that events can traumatize by evoking horror, not just fear, the role of disgust in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has received little research attention. In a study of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan, we examined whether reports of peritraumatic disgust and trait disgust vulnerability factors (disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity) predict PTSD-symptoms, independently of peritraumatic fear, neuroticism, and anxiety sensitivity. Participants (N=174) enrolled in this study before deployment, and were retested around 6 months (N=138; 79%) and, again, 15 months (N=107; 62%) after returning home. The results showed that (1) greater peritraumatic disgust and fear independently predicted PTSD-symptom severity at 6 months, (2) greater disgust propensity predicted more peritraumatic disgust, but not PTSD-symptom severity, and (3) disgust sensitivity moderated the relationship between peritraumatic disgust and PTSD-symptom severity. Implications of these findings for broadening the affective vulnerabilities that may contribute to PTSD will be discussed.
PMID: 20800428 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The impact of distressing social events.
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Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The impact of distressing social events.
J Anxiety Disord. 2010 Aug 10;
Authors: Carleton RN, Peluso DL, Collimore KC, Asmundson GJ
Recent evidence supports the notion that relatively common social events, such as public humiliation and teasing, may precipitate or exacerbate symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD; Erwin et al., 2006; McCabe et al., 2010). In addition, individuals with SAD often report event-specific hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSS; e.g., intrusive memories, avoidance, hyperarousal) following significant negative social events. Although intriguing, there is a paucity of research data to date exploring the relationships between negative social events, social anxiety, and PTSS. The present study (1) assessed endorsement rates of negative social events; (2) compared patterns of social anxiety and PTSS reporting among persons reporting negative social events relative to persons reporting the Criterion A1 events associated with posttraumatic stress disorder; and (3) evaluated the interrelationships between social anxiety and PTSS, and common constructs including fear of negative evaluation, anxiety sensitivity, and depression. Participants included community members (n=601; 74% women; M(age)=25.8, SD=9.8) who endorsed experiencing a significantly negative social event. Approximately 55% of all participants reported experiencing a negative social event, with one-third of those indicating it was worse than the Criterion A events they had experienced. Participants reporting negative social events scored higher on measures of social anxiety and PTSS than those reporting only Criterion A events. Trauma symptoms only predicted social anxiety symptoms for participants who reported a negative social event. Comprehensive results and directions for future research are discussed.
PMID: 20800426 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam Veterans with PTSD.
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Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam Veterans with PTSD.
Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010 May;17(3):165-82
Authors: Cockram DM, Drummond PD, Lee CW
The role of early maladaptive schemas in understanding and treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was investigated. The first study examined the role of perceived adverse parenting and early maladaptive schemas in the development of PTSD in Australian and New Zealand Vietnam war veterans (n = 220). Veterans diagnosed with PTSD scored higher on the Young Schema Questionnaire (L3) and had higher scores on the Measure of Parental Style than veterans not diagnosed with PTSD. The results suggest that early maladaptive schemas have an important role in the development or maintenance of PTSD in Vietnam veterans. The second study measured at baseline, termination and 3 months the early maladaptive schemas, PTSD, anxiety and depression of war veterans (n = 54) participating in a PTSD group treatment programme that included schema-focused therapy. Scores on the PTSD Checklist, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and 17 schemas decreased significantly after treatment. Change scores for the schema treatment were compared with change scores of war veterans (n = 127) who had completed a manualized cognitive-behavioural therapy programme without schema-focused therapy. Pre-treatment measures were similar in both groups. Nevertheless, PTSD and anxiety improved more significantly for the schema-focused therapy group. Together, these findings support the feasibility of schema-focused therapy to assist veterans with PTSD.
PMID: 20486158 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed persons: assessing physiological reactions to nightmare-related fear.
J Clin Psychol. 2010 Apr;66(4):365-82
Authors: Rhudy JL, Davis JL, Williams AE, McCabe KM, Bartley EJ, Byrd PM, Pruiksma KE
Cognitive-behavioral treatments (CBTs) that target nightmares are efficacious for ameliorating self-reported sleep problems and psychological distress. However, it is important to determine whether these treatments influence objective markers of nightmare-related fear, because fear and concomitant physiological responses could promote nightmare chronicity and sleep disturbance. This randomized, controlled study (N=40) assessed physiological (skin conductance, heart rate, facial electromyogram) and subjective (displeasure, fear, anger, sadness, arousal) reactions to personally relevant nightmare imagery intended to evoke nightmare-related fear. Physiological assessments were conducted at pretreatment as well as 1-week, 3-months, and 6-months posttreatment. Results of mixed effects analysis of variance models suggested treatment reduced physiological and subjective reactions to nightmare imagery, gains that were generally maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Potential implications are discussed.
PMID: 20127794 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy.
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Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children using cognitive behavioural writing therapy.
Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010 May;17(3):240-9
Authors: Van der Oord S, Lucassen S, Van Emmerik AA, Emmelkamp PM
OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Writing Therapy (CBWT) in 23 children (age 8-18 years) in the Netherlands, who experienced a range of single and recurrent traumatic experiences. CBWT uses exposure, cognitive restructuring and social sharing. METHODS: At pre-test, post-test and follow-up, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, trauma-related cognitions and general behavioural problems were assessed. RESULTS: At post-test there was a significant reduction of all symptoms, and this effect was maintained at 6 months follow-up. The mean amount of treatment sessions needed was 5.5. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that short-term CBWT is a potentially effective intervention for clinically referred traumatized children. There is now a clear need of establishing the effectiveness of CBWT in a randomized, controlled trial. Practice implication: This first study indicates CBWT is a promising treatment, which can easily be used in clinical practice.
PMID: 20013756 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Autobiographical integration of trauma memories and repressive coping predict post-traumatic stress symptoms in undergraduate students.
Clin Psychol Psychother. 2010 May;17(3):211-8
Authors: Smeets T, Giesbrecht T, Raymaekers L, Shaw J, Merckelbach H
What differentiates those who are able to adapt well to adverse life events (i.e., persons who are resilient) from those who are not (e.g., persons who develop post-traumatic stress symptoms)? Previous work suggests that enhanced autobiographical integration of trauma memories is associated with more severe post-traumatic stress symptoms. Extending this line of work, the present study looked at whether the integration of trauma memories, repressive coping and cognitive reactivity are related to post-traumatic stress symptomatology following negative life events among otherwise healthy young adults (N = 213). Results show that while enhanced integration of trauma memories and high levels of dissociation are related to elevated levels of post-traumatic stress, people who generally engage in repressive coping report fewer post-traumatic stress symptoms.
PMID: 19701880 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
